Overview
Urethral Caruncle is a small, benign, fleshy outgrowth located at the external opening of the urethra, most commonly seen in postmenopausal women. Though usually harmless, it may cause discomfort, bleeding, or irritation during urination or sexual activity. Urethral caruncles are typically managed with topical medications, but larger or symptomatic lesions may require surgical removal.
What is Urethral Caruncle
Urethral Caruncle is a benign, polyp-like lesion that arises from the posterior urethral meatus, primarily in women after menopause. It results from chronic inflammation and estrogen deficiency, causing the urethral mucosa to become fragile and prolapse. Although non-cancerous, it can mimic more serious conditions such as urethral cancer, so proper evaluation is necessary. Urethral caruncles are usually red, soft, and often tender when touched.
Symptoms
- A visible red or pink mass at the urethral opening
- Burning or discomfort during urination (dysuria)
- Spotting or light bleeding, especially after wiping or sexual activity
- Urinary frequency or urgency
- Sensation of fullness or pressure at the vaginal opening
- Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Sometimes asymptomatic and discovered during routine pelvic exams
Causes
The exact cause of urethral caruncles is not fully understood, but it is believed to be associated with:
- Estrogen deficiency, especially after menopause
- Chronic inflammation or irritation of the urethral tissue
- Urinary tract infections or recurrent local trauma
- Pelvic floor weakness or vaginal atrophy
- Increased pressure or straining during urination or bowel movements
Risk Factors
- Postmenopausal women (most common group)
- Low estrogen levels
- History of chronic urinary tract infections
- Pelvic organ prolapse
- Poor perineal hygiene
- Pelvic radiation or surgery
- Autoimmune or inflammatory conditions
Complications
- Local bleeding or irritation
- Urinary discomfort or retention
- Infection if the lesion becomes ulcerated or inflamed
- Misdiagnosis as a malignant tumor, leading to unnecessary anxiety
- Recurrence after treatment (though uncommon)
- Emotional distress or self-consciousness in symptomatic cases
Prevention
While not all cases can be prevented, certain strategies may reduce the likelihood or severity of urethral caruncles:
- Topical estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women to maintain healthy urethral tissue
- Good personal hygiene with gentle cleansing
- Prompt treatment of urinary infections or irritation
- Avoidance of harsh soaps or irritants in the genital area
- Routine pelvic exams, especially in older women
Treatment Options in Korea
South Korea offers expert gynecologic and urologic care for the evaluation and treatment of urethral caruncles, using both conservative and surgical approaches:
- Topical estrogen creams: First-line treatment to restore mucosal integrity in postmenopausal women
- Anti-inflammatory or steroid creams: Used to reduce local inflammation and discomfort
- Sitz baths: Warm water baths to soothe symptoms and reduce swelling
- Antibiotics: If infection is present
- Surgical excision: Recommended for large, painful, bleeding, or suspicious lesions that do not respond to medical therapy
- Biopsy: Performed during surgery to rule out malignancy
- Follow-up care: Includes monitoring for recurrence and managing hormonal or inflammatory triggers
With access to specialized gynecology and urology departments, Korea provides effective, minimally invasive management of urethral caruncles, often with rapid recovery and excellent outcomes.
