Overview
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an acute viral infection that affects the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and lungs. It is highly contagious and can cause seasonal outbreaks, particularly in winter. In Korea, influenza is closely monitored by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), and vaccination campaigns are widely implemented to prevent severe illness, especially among high-risk groups like the elderly, children, and those with chronic conditions.
What is Influenza?
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses (types A, B, and occasionally C). The virus spreads through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected individuals, or contaminated surfaces. Influenza can lead to mild to severe illness, and complications such as pneumonia, hospitalization, or even death, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Symptoms
- Sudden onset of fever
- Chills and sweats
- Cough, sore throat, and nasal congestion
- Headache and muscle aches
- Fatigue and weakness
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (more common in children)
- Shortness of breath in severe cases
Causes
- Infection by influenza viruses (A and B are most common)
- Seasonal outbreaks facilitated by crowded environments
- Weakened immune system, increasing susceptibility
- Poor hygiene and lack of vaccination
Risk Factors
- Children under 5 years old and adults over 65 years
- Pregnant women
- Individuals with chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disorders)
- Immunocompromised patients
- Healthcare workers and individuals in crowded settings
- Lack of annual influenza vaccination
Complications
- Pneumonia (primary viral or secondary bacterial)
- Exacerbation of chronic illnesses such as asthma or heart disease
- Hospitalization, particularly in elderly or high-risk groups
- Rare complications: encephalitis, myocarditis, multi-organ failure
- Secondary bacterial infections leading to sepsis
Prevention
- Annual influenza vaccination (recommended for all age groups in Korea, especially high-risk populations)
- Regular hand hygiene and use of hand sanitizers
- Wearing masks in crowded or public spaces during flu season
- Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle to boost immunity (balanced diet, exercise, adequate sleep)
- Covering mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing
Treatment Options in Korea
Diagnosis:
- Clinical assessment based on symptoms
- Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) in clinics and hospitals
- PCR testing for virus typing during outbreaks
Medical Treatments:
- Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir) if administered within 48 hours of symptom onset
- Supportive care: hydration, rest, and over-the-counter medications for fever, pain, and congestion
- Oxygen therapy in severe respiratory cases
Rehabilitation & Support:
- Monitoring high-risk patients to prevent complications
- Follow-up visits for patients with persistent symptoms or underlying health conditions
- Public health education on prevention, vaccination, and early treatment
