Overview
Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the neck, causing abnormal head movements and postures. It can lead to pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. In Korea, specialized neurology and movement disorder centers provide advanced diagnostic evaluation and treatment options, including botulinum toxin therapy and supportive care.
Symptoms
- Involuntary twisting or turning of the head
- Tilting or pulling of the neck and shoulders
- Neck pain and stiffness
- Tremors in the head or neck
- Muscle spasms that worsen with stress or fatigue
- Difficulty maintaining normal posture
- Secondary symptoms: headaches, shoulder discomfort, and limited mobility
Causes
- Dysfunction in brain regions controlling movement (basal ganglia)
- Genetic predisposition in some cases
- Secondary causes: trauma, certain medications, or infections affecting the nervous system
- Often, the exact cause is unknown (idiopathic)
Risk Factors
- Age between 40–60 (most commonly)
- Family history of dystonia or other movement disorders
- History of neck injury or trauma
- Long-term use of certain medications (dopamine antagonists)
- Stress or fatigue may exacerbate symptoms
Diagnosis
In Korea, cervical dystonia is diagnosed using:
- Neurological examination to assess muscle tone, head posture, and involuntary movements
- Medical history including onset, duration, and triggers
- Imaging tests (MRI or CT) to rule out structural abnormalities
- Electromyography (EMG) to evaluate muscle activity
- Differential diagnosis to exclude other movement disorders or secondary causes
Prevention
- No known guaranteed prevention, but early recognition and treatment reduce symptom progression
- Avoiding neck trauma or repetitive strain
- Regular follow-up for individuals with family history of dystonia
- Stress management and maintaining neck flexibility through gentle exercises
Treatment Options in Korea
- Medical Management
- Oral medications such as muscle relaxants, anticholinergics, or benzodiazepines
- Pain management for associated neck discomfort
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy
- Injection into affected neck muscles to relieve involuntary contractions
- Most effective and commonly used treatment in Korean movement disorder centers
- Repeated treatments every 3–4 months for ongoing symptom control
- Surgical and Advanced Treatments
- Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in severe, medication-resistant cases
- Selective peripheral denervation in specific cases
- Supportive Care and Rehabilitation
- Physical therapy for neck strength and posture correction
- Occupational therapy for daily activity adaptation
- Psychological support to manage stress and quality of life
