Overview
Gynecological cancers are malignancies that affect the female reproductive system, including the cervix, ovaries, uterus, vulva, and vagina. In Korea, gynecological cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for women, though early detection programs and advanced treatment options have significantly improved outcomes. National screening programs and specialized oncology centers provide early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and comprehensive care for patients.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the type of gynecological cancer but may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods or post-menopause)
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Unexplained bloating or swelling
- Changes in menstrual cycles
- Pain during intercourse
- Unusual vaginal discharge or odor
- Urinary or bowel changes in advanced cases
- Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
Causes
The exact cause varies by cancer type, but contributing factors may include:
- Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, Lynch syndrome)
- Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) – mainly for cervical cancer
- Hormonal imbalances
- Obesity and lifestyle factors
- Family history of gynecological cancers
- Exposure to environmental carcinogens
Risk Factors
- Age (risk increases with age, particularly after 40)
- Family history of gynecological cancers
- HPV infection (for cervical cancer)
- Obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome
- Early menarche or late menopause
- Nulliparity or infertility in some cases
- Smoking and excessive alcohol use
- Hormone replacement therapy
Diagnosis
In Korea, gynecological cancers are diagnosed using advanced methods:
- Pelvic examination
- Pap smear and HPV testing for cervical cancer
- Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to detect tumors
- Biopsy of suspicious tissues for histopathology
- Blood tests including tumor markers (CA-125 for ovarian cancer, others as needed)
- Genetic testing for patients with a family history of cancers
Prevention
- HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer
- Regular Pap smears and screening programs
- Healthy diet and physical activity to maintain weight
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake
- Genetic counseling for high-risk families
- Early evaluation of abnormal symptoms
Treatment Options in Korea
Korea has advanced oncology centers offering multidisciplinary care for gynecological cancers:
- Surgical Treatment
- Minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic surgery
- Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, or tumor excision depending on cancer type and stage
- Radiation Therapy
- External beam radiation or brachytherapy for cervical or vaginal cancers
- Chemotherapy
- Standard regimens for ovarian, uterine, and advanced-stage cancers
- Targeted therapy or immunotherapy for specific tumor markers
- Combined and Personalized Care
- Multidisciplinary teams including gynecologic oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists
- Fertility-sparing treatment options for younger women when possible
- Comprehensive supportive care including pain management, nutritional support, and psychological counseling
- Follow-Up and Monitoring
- Regular imaging and tumor marker tests to detect recurrence
- Long-term survivorship programs in Korean cancer centers
Prognosis
The prognosis of gynecological cancers in Korea depends on the type, stage at diagnosis, and overall health of the patient. Early detection through screening programs significantly improves survival rates. With access to advanced diagnostics, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, many patients achieve favorable outcomes and improved quality of life.
