Overview

A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins that can occur in the legs. It develops when blood flow through the spermatic cord veins becomes impaired, causing them to dilate. Varicoceles are a common cause of decreased sperm quality and can lead to male infertility. While many men with varicoceles experience no symptoms, others may have pain, swelling, or fertility problems. Treatments in South Korea are advanced and can restore testicular function in many cases.

What is Varicocele?

A varicocele occurs when the valves inside the veins of the spermatic cord fail to work properly, causing blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. This can result in increased scrotal temperature, which may damage sperm production and quality. Varicoceles are more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in vein anatomy, though they can occur on both sides.

Symptoms

• A lump or swelling in the scrotum, often described as a “bag of worms”
• Dull, aching pain in the scrotum, especially after standing or physical exertion
• Testicular shrinkage (atrophy) on the affected side
• Visible enlarged veins in the scrotum
• Fertility issues due to reduced sperm count or quality
• Sometimes no noticeable symptoms at all

Causes

• Faulty or weakened valves in the spermatic cord veins
• Compression of the spermatic vein by nearby anatomical structures
• Increased abdominal pressure from prolonged standing, heavy lifting, or certain medical conditions

Risk Factors

• Age (most often develops during puberty)
• Family history of varicose veins or varicoceles
• Taller body height (associated with higher risk in some studies)
• Prolonged standing or heavy physical activity

Complications

If left untreated, varicoceles can lead to:

• Male infertility due to poor sperm quality or low sperm count
• Testicular atrophy (shrinking of the affected testicle)
• Hormonal imbalances, including lower testosterone levels
• Persistent scrotal discomfort or pain

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent varicoceles, but early diagnosis can help reduce complications.

• Maintain healthy circulation through regular exercise
• Avoid prolonged standing or excessive heavy lifting if possible
• Seek medical evaluation for scrotal pain or swelling
• Regular testicular self-exams for early detection

Treatment Options in Korea

South Korea offers world-class diagnosis and treatment for varicoceles:

• Observation & monitoring – For mild, asymptomatic cases
• Microsurgical varicocelectomy – The most effective surgical technique using a high-powered microscope to tie off enlarged veins while preserving normal blood flow; often performed under local or general anesthesia
• Laparoscopic surgery – Minimally invasive approach with quick recovery
• Percutaneous embolization – A non-surgical procedure where a catheter is used to block abnormal veins
• Fertility-focused care – Korean urology and fertility clinics often combine varicocele treatment with sperm analysis, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and hormonal evaluation
• Advanced imaging – Doppler ultrasound and venography for precise diagnosis and treatment planning