Overview
Hemodialysis is a life-saving treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure, but it can sometimes lead to complications. In Korea, advanced nephrology centers and dialysis units provide comprehensive monitoring, preventive care, and management strategies to reduce these risks.
What is Hemodialysis Complications?
Hemodialysis complications refer to adverse effects or health issues arising during or after the dialysis process. These complications can be acute (occurring during a session) or chronic (developing over long-term dialysis treatment).
Symptoms
- Low blood pressure (hypotension) during dialysis
- Muscle cramps
- Nausea or vomiting
- Headache or dizziness
- Fatigue
- Access site problems (bleeding, infection, or clotting)
Causes
- Rapid fluid removal causing drops in blood pressure
- Electrolyte imbalances (potassium, calcium, sodium)
- Infections at vascular access points
- Reactions to dialysis membranes or solutions
- Long-term dialysis leading to cardiovascular or bone disorders
Risk Factors
- Advanced age
- Diabetes or cardiovascular disease
- Poor vascular access care
- Long-term dialysis patients
- Pre-existing electrolyte imbalances or anemia
Complications
- Cardiovascular events (heart attack, arrhythmia)
- Infection of vascular access (fistula, graft, or catheter)
- Muscle cramps and hypotension
- Bone and mineral disorders (renal osteodystrophy)
- Anemia or blood clotting problems
- Neuropathy and fatigue from chronic dialysis
Prevention
- Regular monitoring of vital signs and electrolytes during dialysis
- Proper care and hygiene of vascular access
- Tailored dialysis schedules and ultrafiltration rates
- Adequate nutrition and fluid management
- Vaccinations and infection prevention strategies
Treatment Options in Korea
Diagnosis
- Routine blood tests to monitor kidney function and electrolytes
- Blood pressure monitoring during dialysis sessions
- Imaging or ultrasound for vascular access assessment
- Infection screening at access sites
Medical & Management Treatments
- Adjustment of dialysis duration and ultrafiltration rate
- Medications for blood pressure, anemia, or mineral balance
- Treatment of access site infections (antibiotics, surgical revision)
- Nutritional counseling to manage potassium, phosphorus, and fluid intake
- Long-term management of cardiovascular and bone health
Rehabilitation and Support
- Patient education on home care for dialysis access
- Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and prevent cramps
- Psychological support for stress and fatigue management
- Close follow-up with nephrology teams in Korean hospitals
